Mapping: Concept Shoes
Good mapping should visually give you a layout of what the product should structurally look like. Often you will also find affordances visual, giving you a better idea of how one might use the product as well.
Golden Ratio: The Vetruvian Man
The golden ratio can be found in nature, art and architecture. There are numerous examples of the golden ratio found in famous architecture such as the Great Pyramid of Giza and Stonehenge. This ratio is essentially where the ratio of the width and height is approximately 0.618.
Structural Forms: Taj Mahal
Regardless of what you are building the basic understanding of structure is critical for good design. There are different types of structure Mass, Frame and Shell structures. The structure of the Taj Mahal contains all 3 structures.