Selected Publications
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Clark, C. J., Jussim, L., Frey, K., Stevens, S. T., al-Gharbi, M., Aquino, K., Bailey, J. M., Barbaro, N., Baumeister, R. F., Bleske-Rechek, A., Buss, D., Ceci, S., Del Giudice, M., Ditto, P. H., Forgas, J. P., Geary, D. C., Geher, G., Haider, S., Honeycutt, N., … von Hippel, W. (2023). Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: A Perspective and Research Agenda. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(48). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2301642120 (pdf)
Ballantyne, N., Celniker, J., & Ditto, P. (2022). “Persuasion Fatigue” is a unique form of social frustration. Scientific American. (link)
Celniker, J. B., Rode, J. B., Anderson, K. B., Ma, B., & Ditto, P. H. (2022). College students’ perceptions of ambiguous hook-ups involving alcohol intoxication. Sex Roles, 87, 390-405. (pdf)
Celniker, J. B., Gregory, A., Koo, H., Piff, P. K., Ditto, P. H., & Shariff, A. F. (2023). The moralization of effort. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152, 60-79. (pdf)
Peplak, J., Klemfuss, J. Z., Ditto, P. H. (2022). Schadenfreude and sympathy following President Trump’s COVID-19 diagnosis: Influence on pre-election voting intentions. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 10, 353-368. (pdf)
Rode, J. B., Dent, A. L., & Ditto, P. H. (2023). Climate change consensus messages may cause reactance in conservatives, but there is no meta-analytic evidence that they backfire. Environmental Communication, 17, 60-66. (pdf)
Grady, R. H., Greenspan, R., Ditto, P. H., Levine, L., & Loftus, E. F. (2023). From primary to presidency: Fake news, false memory, and changing attitudes in the 2016 Election. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 11, 6-24. (pdf)
Relihan, D. P., Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., Ditto, P. H., Silver, R. C. (in press). Politicization of a Pathogen: A prospective longitudinal study of COVID-19 responses in a nationally representative U.S. sample. Political Psychology. (pdf)
O’Connor, C., Relihan, D. P., Weatherall, J., Stanford, K., Ditto, P. H., & Thomas, A. K. (in press). Moral judgments impact perceived risk from COVID-19 exposure. Collabra. (pdf)
Ballantyne, N. & Ditto, P. H. (2021). Hanlon’s razor. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 45, 309-331. (pdf)
Grady, R. H., Ditto, P. H., & Loftus, E. F. (2021). Nevertheless, partisanship persisted: Fake news warnings help briefly, but bias returns with time. Cognitive Research: Principle and Implications. 6, 52 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00315-z. (pdf) Supplemental materials.
Rode, J. B., Iqbal, S., Butler, B. J., & Ditto, P. H. (2021). Using a news article to convey climate science consensus information. Science Communication, 43, 651-673. (pdf)
Rode, J. B., Dent, A. L., Benedict, C. N., Brosnahan, D. B., Martinez, R. L., & Ditto, P. H. (2021). Influencing climate change attitudes in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 76, 101623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101623 (pdf)
Ballantyne, N., Celniker, J. B., & Ditto, P. H. (2021). Can shocking images persuade doubters of COVID’s dangers? Scientific American. (link)
Finkel, E. J., Ball, Cikara, M., Ditto, P. H., Iyengar, S., Klar, S., Mason, L., McGrath, M. C., Nyhan, B., Rand, D. G., Skitka, L. J., Tucker, J. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Wang, C. S., Druckman, J. N. (2020). Political sectarianism in America: A poisonous cocktail of othering, aversion, and moralization. Science, 370, 533-536. (pdf) Supplement with additional references.
Everett, J.A.C., Clark, C.J., Meindl, P., Luguri, J.B., Earp, B.D., Graham, J., Ditto, P.H., & Shariff, A.F. (2020). Political differences in free will belief are associated with differences in moralization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 130, 461-483. (pdf)
Rode, J.B. & Ditto, P.H. (2020). Comparing the effects of a news article’s message and source on fracking attitudes in an experimental study. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 10, 255-269. (pdf)
Clark, C. J., Liu, B. S., Winegard, B. M., & Ditto, P. H. (2019). Tribalism is human nature. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 28(6), 587-592. (pdf)
Ringel, M. M., & Ditto, P. H. (2019). The moralization of obesity. Social Science & Medicine, 237, 112399. (pdf)
Gampa, A., Wojcik, S. P., Motyl, M., Nosek, B. A., & Ditto, P. H. (2019). (Ideo)Logical Reasoning: Ideology impairs sound reasoning. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1-9. doi: 10.1177/1948550619829059 (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Liu, B. S., Clark, C. J., Wojcik, S. P., Chen, E. E., Grady, R. H., Celniker, J. B., & Zinger, J. F. (2018). At least bias is bipartisan: A meta-analytic comparison of partisan bias in liberals and conservatives. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 273-291. doi: 10.1177/1745691617746796 (pdf)
Response: Baron, J. & Jost, J. T. (2018). False equivalence: Are liberals and conservatives in the United States equally biased? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 292-303. doi: 10.1177/1745691618788876 (pdf)
Response: Ditto, P. H., Clark. C. J., Liu, B. S., Wojcik, S. P., Chen, E. E., Grady, R. H., Celniker, J. B., & Zinger, J. F. (2019). Partisan bias and its discontents. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 304-316. doi: 10.1177/1745691618817753 (pdf)
Clark, C. J., Shniderman, A., Luguri, J. B., Baumeister, R. F., & Ditto, P. H. (2018) Are morally good actions ever free? Consciousness and Cognition, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.08.006 (pdf)
Clark, C. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Ditto, P. H. (2017). Making punishment palatable: Belief in free will alleviates punitive distress. Consciousness and Cognition, 51, 193-211. (pdf)
Rodriguez, C. G., Moskowitz, J. P., Salem, R. M., & Ditto, P. H. (2017). Partisan selective exposure: The role of party, ideology, and ideological extremity over time. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 3(3), 254-271. (pdf)
Clark, C. J., Chen, E. E., & Ditto, P. H. (2015). Moral coherence processes: Constructing culpability and consequences. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 123-128. (pdf)
Wojcik, S. P., Hovasapian, A., Graham, J., Motyl, M., & Ditto, P. H. (2015). Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness. Science, 347, 1243-1246. (pdf)
Wojcik, S. P., Hovasapian, A., Graham, J., Motyl, M., & Ditto, P. H. (2015). Defining the happiness gap — Response. Science, 348, 1216. (pdf)
Clark, C. J., Luguri, J., Ditto, P. H., Knobe, J., Shariff, A. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (2014). Free to punish: A motivated account of free will belief. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 501-513. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Clark, C. J. (2014). Predicting end-of-life treatment preferences: Perils and possibilities. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 39, 196-204. (pdf)
Koleva, S., Selterman, D., Iyer, R., Ditto, P., & Graham, J. (2014). The moral compass of insecurity: Anxious and avoidant attachment predict moral judgment. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 185-194. (pdf)
Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2014). Motivated happiness: Self-enhancement inflates self-reported subjective well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 824-834. (pdf)
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M. Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral Foundations Theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 55-130. (pdf)
Liu, B., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). What dilemma? Moral evaluation shapes factual belief. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 316-323. (pdf)
Tannenbaum, D., Valasek, C. J., Knowles, E. D., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Incentivizing wellness in the workplace: Sticks (not carrots) send stigmatizing signals. Psychological Science, 24, 1512-1522. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Liu, B., & Wojcik, S. P. (2012). Is anything sacred anymore? Psychological Inquiry, 23, 155-161. (pdf)
Iyer, R., Koleva, S., Graham, J., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Understanding libertarian morality: The psychological dispositions of self-identified libertarians. PLoS ONE. (pdf)
Jacobson, J. A., Ji, L., Ditto, P. H., Zhang, Z., Sorkin, D., Warren, S. K., Legnini, V., Ebel-Lam, A., Roper-Coleman, S. (2012). The effects of culture and self-construal on responses to threatening health information. Psychology and Health, 27, 1194-1210. (pdf)
Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially Purity) help explain political attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 184-194. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Koleva, S. P. (2011). Moral empathy gaps and the American culture war. Emotion Review, 3, 331-332. (pdf)
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 201, 366-385. (pdf)
Iyer, R., Graham, J., Koleva, S., Ditto, P., Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond identity politics: Moral psychology and the 2008 Democratic primary. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10, 293-306. (pdf)
Ditto P. H., & Mastronarde, A. J. (2009). The paradox of the political maverick. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 295-298. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., Tannenbaum, D. (2009). Motivated moral reasoning. In B. H. Ross (Series Ed.) & D. M. Bartels, C. W. Bauman, L. J. Skitka, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 50: Moral Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 307-338). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. (pdf)
Uhlmann, E. L., Pizarro, D.A., Tannenbaum, D., & Ditto, P. H. (2009). The motivated use of moral principles. Judgment and Decision Making, 4, 476-491. (pdf)
Lench. H. C., & Ditto, P. H. (2008). Automatic optimism: Biased use of base rate information for positive and negative events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 631-639. (pdf)
Sharman, S. J., Garry, M., Jacobson, J. A., Loftus, E. F., & Ditto, P. H. (2008). False memories of end-of-life decisions. Health Psychology, 27, 291-296. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H. (2006). What would Terri want? On the psychological challenges of surrogate decision making. Death Studies, 30, 135-148. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Hawkins, N. A., & Pizarro, D. A. (2006). Imagining the end of life: On the psychology of advance medical decision making. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 475-496. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Jacobson, J. A., Smucker, W. D., Danks, J. H., & Fagerlin, A. (2006). Context changes choices: A prospective study of the effects of hospitalization on life-sustaining treatment preferences. Medical Decision Making, 26, 313-322. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., Epstein, E. B., Jacobson, J. A., & MacDonald, T. K. (2006). Visceral influences on risk taking behavior. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 99-113. (pdf)
Ditto, P.H., & Hawkins, N. A. (2005). Advanced Directives and cancer decision making near the end of life. Health Psychology, 24, S63-S70. (pdf)
Hawkins, N. A., Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. A., & Smucker, W. D. (2005). Micromanaging death: Process preferences, values, and goals in end-of-life medical decision making. The Gerontologist, 45, 107-117. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Munro, G. D., Apanovich, A. M., Scepansky, J. A., & Lockhart, L. K. (2003). Spontaneous skepticism: The interplay of motivation and expectation in responses to favorable and unfavorable medical diagnoses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1120-1132. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Smucker, W. D., Danks, J. H., Jacobson, J. A., Houts, R. M., Fagerlin, A., Coppola, K. M., & Gready, R. M. (2003). The stability of older adults’ preferences for life-sustaining medical treatment. Health Psychology, 22, 605-615. (pdf)
Munro, G. D., Ditto, P. H., Lockhart, L. K., Fagerlin, A., Gready, M., & Peterson, E. (2002). Biased assimilation of sociopolitical arguments: Evaluating the 1996 U.S. presidential debate. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 15-26. (pdf)
Coppola, K. M., Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., & Smucker, W. D. (2001). Accuracy of primary physicians’ and hospital-based physicians’ predictions of elderly outpatients’ treatment preferences with and without advance directives. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 431-440. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., Smucker, W. D., Bookwala, J., Coppola, K. M., Dresser, R., Fagerlin, A., Gready, R. M., Houts, R., Lockhart, L. K., & Zyzanski, S. (2001). Advance directives as acts of communication: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 421-430. (pdf)
Fagerlin, A., Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., Houts, R., & Smucker. W. D. (2001). Projection in surrogate decisions about life-sustaining medical treatment. Health Psychology, 20, 166-175. (pdf)
Smucker, W. D., Houts, R., Danks, J. H., Ditto, P. H., Fagerlin, A., & Coppola, K. M. (2000). Modal preferences predict elderly patients’ life-sustaining treatment choices as well as patients’ chosen surrogates. Medical Decision Making, 20, 271-280. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Scepansky, J. A., Munro, G. D., Apanovitch, A. M., & Lockhart, L. K. (1998). Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 53-69. (pdf)
Munro, G. D., & Ditto, P. H. (1997). Biased assimilation, attitude polarization, and affect in the processing of stereotype-relevant scientific information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 636-653. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Lopez, D. F. (1992). Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 568-584. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Jemmott, J. B. III (1989). From rarity to evaluative extremity: Effects of prevalence information on evaluations of positive and negative characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 16-26. (pdf)
Jemmott, J. B. III, Ditto, P. H., & Croyle, R. T. (1986). Judging health status: Effects of perceived prevalence and personal relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 899-905. (pdf)
* * * * * BOOK CHAPTERS * * * * *
Rode, J. B., & Ditto, P. H. (2020). Can the partisan divide in climate change attitudes be bridged? A review of experimental interventions. In J. van Prooijen (Ed.), The Psychology of Political Polarization (pp. 149-168). New York: Routledge. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Rodriguez, C. G. (2021). Populism and the social psychology of grievance. In J. Forgas, W. Crano, & K. Fiedler (Eds.), The Psychology of Populism: The Tribal Challenge to Liberal Democracy. New York: Routledge. (pdf)
Ringel, M. M., Rodriguez, C. G., & Ditto, P. H. (2019). What is right is right: A three-part account of how ideology shapes factual belief. In B. Rutjens & M. Brandt (Eds.). Belief Systems and the Perception of Reality. (pp. 7-26). New York. Routledge. (pdf)
Liu, B. S., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2018). Moral coherence and the denial of moral complexity (pp. 372-381). In K. Gray & J. Graham (Eds.) Atlas of Moral Psychology. New York: Guilford Press. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Liu, B. S. (2016). Moral coherence and political conflict. In P. Valdesolo & J. Graham (Eds.) Social psychology of political polarization (pp. 102-122). New York: Routledge. (pdf)
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 55-130. (pdf)
Knowles, E. D., & Ditto, P. H. (2012). Preference, principle, and political casuistry. In J. Hanson (Ed.), Ideology, psychology, and law (pp. 341-379). Oxford University Press. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., & Liu, B. (2011). Deontological dissonance and the consequentialist crutch. In M. Mikulincer & P. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 51-70). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., Tannenbaum, D. (2009). Motivated moral reasoning. In B. H. Ross (Series Ed.) & D. M. Bartels, C. W. Bauman, L. J. Skitka, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), Psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 50: Moral judgment and decision making (pp. 307-338). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H. (2009). What would Terri want? Advance directives and the psychological challenges of surrogate decision making. In J. L. Werth & D. Blevins (Eds.), Decision-Making Near the End of Life: Issues, Developments, and Future Directions. (pp. 209-229). New York: Routledge. (pdf)
Ditto, P. H. (2009). Passion, reason, and necessity: A quantity of processing view of motivated reasoning. In T. Bayne & J. Fernandez (Eds.), Delusion, self-deception, and affective influences on belief formation (pp. 23-53) New York: Psychology Press. (pdf)