- In article “Cyberspace Y2K: Giant Robots, Asian Punks” by the author Rachel Rubin, the piece dives into the effects of zines and the influence it has had on Asian Americans and Asians. In order to see the effects Rachel ponders on four fundamental questions to get the answer. Questions such as “Who is Asian American on the Internet?”, “Where did cyberculture come from?”, “Where did zines come from?”, and “Why Asian Americans? Why zines? serve to bring light on the piece’s topic. On top of that Rachel’s ability to answer these questions brings forth the fact the Asian and Asian American communities and the social ability to define them has proven to be difficult. This is due to the plethora of different “Asians” and how each identify themselves with respect to their acceptance of being an immigrant of the U.S.
- To get an idea of the composition of the Asian population in the U.S. and to answer her first question Rachel looks into the history of Asian immigrants to provide a basis on their identity. Laws like the Hart-Cellar Act, Chinese Exclusion Act, etc. had a vast impact of determine who came in and who didn’t. For the example Hart-Cellar Act “liberaliz[ed]…the quota system” (pg.3) that brought a new wave of Asian immigrants both low- and greatly-skilled. This mixed the Asian population greatly further. Going on to Rachel’s second question, her process of showing how the internet was create by the military and then later put on public hands foreshadows the intents of zines from Asian American communities. The idea that zines/ezines like the internet are free to portray anything or anyone shows that they are not subjected to any competition. “Everybody just sort to pitches in, and somehow the thing evolves on its own, and somehow turns out workable” (pg.7) Although Rachel shows how the internet has come to sexualize and take on Asian personas to reinforce Asian stereotypes, her conclusion that zines’ ability to work free from the marketplace allows Asian writes to set their own image and give way to defining what it is to be Asian American. Her third and last question restates how zines came to be. It shows how zines are a form of rebellion from the underground works and a movement further sped up by the punk D.I.Y. Why it had to be Asians was a fortunate timing where Americans began taking a huge interest in Asian products like Jackie Chan movies, Japanese animation and so on. The timing proved for the best as signs of Asians being able to tear down harming stereotypes were beginning to show up. Signs like “positive representations for Filipinas on the Internet” (Pg12) were seen and praised by Asian college students and many others. Rachel’s constant show of history and facts of zines and e-zines proved very influential and useful in helping the Asian population further define who they are and rebel, all while resisting the growing harm of others stereotyping them.
- In an attempt to provide a basic definition of what it means to be Asian American Rachel quotes another that Asian American is defined as “Asian ancestry/American struggle”. (pg.2) Rachel recognizes that the definition is very broad, and it ought to be because federal census and other sources are constantly changing the ethnic groups by definition.
“’New’ Asians’”: “came from South Korea, the Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore and Malaysia.” (pg.4) Rachels choice to introduce this term was for the purpose to illustrate that Asians though a broad term was a one point very specific to only consist of Chinese and Japanese. This reiterates her problem that Asians lack power to identify themselves without the use zines.
Zines the main topic of Rachel’s article originated from fanzines and not from magazines. That being beside the point zines are an uncheck power for Asian communities to rebel against stereotypes and give voice to those who wish to set their own image of themselves without any pressure of others like the marketplace and profits.
- In modern day internet the zines of the past have evolved to a more worldwide platform. Social media platforms like Instagram and especially YouTube are the evolved versions of zines/ezines. On here there are endless of videos and pictures of Asians and Asian communities fighting for equality and pushing for reform of the stereotypes they are bounded to. But with great push for advancement there is also great resistant. There are also videos and pictures making fun of what is means to be Asian, such as makeup videos that force Asian women to look a certain way. Though an upset it is, these modern zines face the same challenges as zines in the past. But in equal or greater, zines make great progress in helping change the Asian image and definition.